History of Markham, Ontario, Canada
   
by Grant Weaver
 GuidingStar.ca
 

In 1608, the French founded a colony in Quebec City and, from there, established settlements along the shores of the St. Lawrence River.  They began to explore further inland and laid claim to the lands where Markham now stands.  When they visited this area they found the Katabokakonk river but, struck by how in places its waters were coloured reddish by the clay along its banks, they named it the Rivière Rouge.  During these explorations, the French also pursued the fur trade with the native peoples.  In the middle of the 17^th century, there existed a village near the mouth of the Rouge River called Ganatsekwyagon, inhabited by Senecas, one of the five nations of the Iroquois confederacy.  It was eventually abandoned but the discovery of relics at a location about a kilometre up the eastern bank of the Rouge from Lake Ontario has lead to the belief that it is the site of the village of Ganatsekwyagon.

With Britain’s victory in the Seven Years War with France (1756-1763), the French King ceded his colony of New France to Britain.  This included the territory north of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie.

            Britain now had to decide how to organize this new territory.  She created a province which she called Quebec and which extended to just west of the Ottawa River.  The territory to the west of that line, including, of course, where Markham stands today, was designated as Indian Territories.  At first, new settlement was excluded from this area and trade with the native peoples could be carried on only under license.  Treaties were negotiated with the aboriginal peoples. 

In those years Britain was still in possession of her American colonies located along the eastern seaboard of the Atlantic.  English-speaking peoples began to trickle into her new northern colony, principally to Montreal or east.  A decade after obtaining New France, however, the difficulties for Britain of ruling a population that was still predominantly French-speaking and Roman Catholic resulted in her proclaiming the Quebec Act of 1774.  This Act recognized the Roman Catholic religion, and provided that in this territory the French Civil Code would apply to civil matters, such as property, marriage and inheritance but that in criminal matters the British criminal code would apply.  The Act also extended the boundaries of the territory called the “Province of Quebec” westward to include where Markham stands today.  It even extended the boundary south to the Ohio River and west to the Mississippi. 

The Quebec Act satisfied the French population but angered the recent British arrivals who found themselves subject to laws which they viewed as foreign.  It also angered Britain’s American colonies who coveted the lands that Britain had just included in the new boundaries of the Quebec territory.  The anger that the American colonists felt further fuelled the already existing grievances that led to the outbreak of the American war of independence in 1776.

In 1783, Britain had to recognize the independence of the new United States of America and from that year the western boundary between this new country and Britain’s Province of Quebec was a line running down the middle of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Superior (see map below).

            The American revolutionary war provoked a new immigration north into British territory on the part of the United Empire loyalists, Americans who left the fledgling United States to remain loyal to Britain.  Among them were also some German soldiers from among the foreign troops that had been hired by Britain and brought over to reinforce its forces fighting in the war.  In 1787, with Loyalist settlements now established in Niagara and others in Cataraqui (near Kingston) Governor Dorchester negotiated a treaty with the Mississauga aboriginal nation in which the Crown purchased a tract of land, called the “Toronto Purchase”, which made it possible to connect these two settlements.

             The arrival of the Loyalists, many of whom settled in the western part of the Quebec territory, led the British Parliament in 1791 to pass the Constitutional Act that divided this territory into two provinces, the eastern province to be called Lower Canada (corresponding to the southern part of what is now the Canadian province of Quebec), and the western part to be called Upper Canada (corresponding to the southern part of what is now called the province of Ontario).  In Lower Canada, the French Civil Code would continue to apply, but in Upper Canada the British Common Law would now apply to civil matters.  Each province was to have its own Lieutenant-Governor appointed by Great Britain, an elected Legislative Assembly, and an upper house called the Legislative Council whose members would be appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor.
 

One of Governor Simcoe’s greatest concerns was for the military security of Upper Canada.  The clearing of Yonge Street fit partly into this strategy.  Increasing the population by attracting new immigrants through a system of free land grants was another important element.  The southern part of York was organized and surveyed into farm lots by 1792.  From 1793 to 1794 the same work was completed in the township of Markham.  Simcoe named the township after his friend William Markham, the Archbishop of York (England) at the time.  

An explanation of the system by which Markham township was divided into lots gives us some clues to the emergence of the streets and roads whose names are so familiar to us now.  The township, rectangular in shape, extended from Yonge Street to the Pickering Town Line and was divided, from west to east, into ten sections, called concessions, each one 1 ¼ miles in width.  These concessions were bounded on the south by the Scarborough Town Line (now called Steeles Avenue) and on the north by the Whitchurch Town Line.  They were crossed by a grid of six sideroads, running east and west, which were also 1 ¼ miles apart.  The land was divided into 200 acre lots, running, long and narrow, from one concession road to the next.  On the north-south plane, five lots were created between every two sideroads.  The road we now call Highway 7 was originally called sideroad 7 in Markham Township.  The side road north of it is now called 16^th Avenue.  Some modern-day roads, however, still retain their original names from the 1793-94 survey.  For example, the 9th Line, on which is situated the new community of Cornell, continues to be the name used for an important north-south road in the eastern part of Markham.

This survey included the allocation of one seventh of the lots to be reserved to support a Protestant clergy.  These were called clergy reserves.  Another seventh of the lots were reserved for the disposition of the Crown, in other words, of the Lieutenant-Governor’s government.  The fact that the Lieutenant-Governor could dispose of these lands as he wished meant that he could raise money without having to ask for the approval of the new local assembly.  Remember that the Lieutenant-Governor of that time had real power, which came, not from the electorate, but from the powers conferred on him by the Imperial Government in London, and he resented, and avoided when he could, any constraints that an elected assembly could put on him.  The Crown reserves eventually were all sold by 1828 but the clergy reserves continued to be a source of friction, and even contributed to the grievances which led to the rebellion of 1837.  They were not sold off until 1854.

But let’s return to the years immediately following the creation of Upper Canada and the surveying of the new townships.  European settlement in Markham began with William Moll Berczy.  He was a German entrepreneur and artist who in 1792 led a group of German settlers to the United States with the intention of settling in the Genesee Tract in upper New York State.  After their arrival in New York, however, problems arose over land tenure and there were disputes over finances.  The Berczy settlers began to look elsewhere.  In May of 1794, Berczy negotiated with Simcoe for 64,000 acres in Markham Township, soon to be known as the German Company Lands. The Berczy settlers, joined by several Pennsylvania German families, set out for Upper Canada that same year.

Another group of émigrés were French aristocrats who had fled to Great Britain to escape the upheavals of the French Revolution.  They became a burden on the British government who, as a result, arranged for their immigration to Upper Canada.  Lots were set aside for them on both sides of Yonge Street north of what later was called Elgin Mills and in 1799 they arrived.  This was not a group well suited to the rigours and the isolation of what was still a remote area and eventually most of them sold their holdings to one of their group who had been more successful, Laurent Quetton St.

A very important immigration also came from the Pennsylvian German communities of the United States.  Sometimes referred to as the Pennsylvania Dutch (partly due to an erroneous anglicization of Pennsylvania Deutsch) these people had lived in Britain’s American colonies for a century, their ancestors having left Europe to escape religious persecution.  But now, faced with a shortage of land for their large families, and unwilling to swear allegiance to the new Republic, some looked to the British territory to the north for new possibilities.  One of the members of this community who came to the Markham area to look into land acquisition was Peter Reesor.  He returned to Pennsylvania and then, along with other families, came back in the trek of 1804.  These new settlers were able to purchase land at good prices.  A hamlet grew up near their settlements that was first called Reesorville, and later Markham village. Unlike the Berczy settlers before them, they did not receive their land as a grant.  Because of their long experience in farming in Pennsylvania, these settlers, most of them of the Mennonite religion, adapted easily to their new country.

Although there was some immigration that came directly from Britain, emigration to Canada via the United States was the main source of new settlers for the first several years of the life of Upper Canada, and of Markham in particular.  

What kind of administration was in place at that time?  The four districts created by Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe were the basic units.   In the Home District, as it was with the other three, the management of local affairs was placed in the hands of magistrates who were appointed by the Lieutenant Governor.   The magistrates were responsible for all local expenditures such as paying the fees for parish clerks and jailers, appointing township and district constables, surveyors, and inspectors of weights and measures.   They also regulated markets, built and managed courthouses, jails and asylums.  Anyone who wanted a license to sell liquor had to apply to the magistrates.  The only ministers who could perform marriages were those of the Anglican, Presbyterian and Lutheran churches who had been licensed by a magistrate to do so.

The district magistrates were required to hold a yearly town meeting at which local officers would be elected.    A town meeting in the Home District on July 17, 1797 records, among other appointments, the naming of William Berczy as Overseer of Highways for the German Settlement and John Stamm as its Constable.

In 1812, Upper and Lower Canada were in crisis as war broke out between Britain and the United States.  This was mainly the result of trans-Atlantic issues between the two countries but, as the two Canadas were British possessions, the United States attacked Britain through her North American territories.   Land invasions by the American forces near Detroit and Niagara were both repulsed by a combination of British regular forces, locally raised militias (in which some Markham residents fought) and aboriginal fighters that rallied to the British side.

These militias had come into existence due to the Militia Act, a law that Simcoe had put through the Parliament of Upper Canada back in 1793.  This Act required all males between the ages of 16 and 50 years, who were residents of Upper Canada and who were physically fit, to be enrolled in local militia companies.  These units had to muster and be inspected twice a year.  One unit of the local militia was called the York Militia, in which John Button, from the 4^th Concession Line of Markham, held the rank of Captain.  Captain Button was the first of three generations of his family to serve in the Canadian militias, being followed by Francis Button and William Button.  Benjamin Milliken, after whom one of Markham’s oldest communities is named, served as a private in the York Militias.  In 1813, American forces, backed by guns from naval ships offshore, landed near Sunnyside beach, and occupied the town of York for five days during which they burned the Parliament Buildings and Governor’s residence and sacked many private homes that had been abandoned by fleeing residents.  Peace between Britain and the United States was restored in 1814. 

At the end of the Napoleonic wars, of which the war of 1812-14, was a side effect, Britain found herself with a large number of demobilized soldiers.  Many were attracted by the news of cheap land in Canada.  A number of ex-officers bought land along Yonge Street, while some of the soldiers became pioneers, buying less expensive land further into the township.  Benjamin Thorne was one of these new settlers, operating a mill in a spot that was called Thorne’s Hill, later abbreviated by the Post Office to Thornhill.

During these early years of Markham’s history, when pioneering, and its rigors, played the main role, there began also the development of agricultural industries.  The township’s many rivers and streams soon supported water-powered saw, grist and woollen mills.  In fact, because of the poor roads, it was the presence of a local mill that was usually the spur to the development of the first small hamlets.  German Mills, Almira, Buttonville (named after the family that took a leading role in the militias) and Cedar Grove are examples of small hamlets that developed around a mill site.  Another of these hamlets, originally part of the Berczy settlement, grew up at the 6^th Concession Line just north of the Rouge River, and took the name of Unionville after the re-uniting of Upper and Lower Canada in 1841.

What were the events that led back to union?  The Constitution Act of 1791, that created the separate provinces of Upper and Lower Canada and established the system of government that would prevail in each, led to the rapid development of Upper Canada but it also contained the seeds that grew into discontent and eventual rebellion.  The problem arose in that under the colonial governing structure the Lieutenant-Governor was accountable mainly to the Imperial Government in London, rather than to the elected assembly.  He could appoint whomever he wanted to public positions, including to the powerful Upper House of Parliament, the Legislative Council.  A small circle composed of the Lieutenant-Governor, the members of the Legislative Council and a small number of established families came to form a governing clique over whom the people could not exercise control.  This small but dominant group was dubbed The Family Compact by William Lyon Mackenzie, the main spokesman for those advocating a reform of the political system.  The reformers called for “responsible government”, a government that was responsible, or answerable, to the elected legislature. 

The people of Markham were typical of the province’s population in that they were politically aware and the bitter disagreements between the reformers led by Mackenzie and the citizens who supported the Lieutenant-Governor created deep divisions.  As part of the riding of York, Markham elected MacKenzie as their member of the Legislative Assembly on five occasions between 1828 and 1836 but he was always expelled soon after.  Many felt sympathy with his demands for responsible government.  But many of these sympathizers also continued to feel loyalty to the Crown.  Mackenzie, however, went beyond and began to adopt openly republican views.   

Although the rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada were both defeated militarily, they did result in a major change to the way the two provinces were governed.  The British Government sent Lord Durham to conduct an enquiry into the causes of the unrest.  He recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be reunited under a single government which would be answerable to a single elected assembly.  He also recommended that the principal of Responsible Government be granted to this united province.  What that meant was that under the new constitution, the Governor, in all matters internal to the province, could no longer act unilaterally, but would conduct himself in the same way as the Queen did in the home country.  That is, he would govern on the advice of his elected ministers, and his ministers had to enjoy the confidence of the elected assembly.  This is the principle by which we are governed today.  One could say that, through the granting of this principle in 1841, Britain ceased to govern her colony of Canada as far as the purely internal affairs of the province were concerned.  This united province, however, did not become a sovereign country.  Our relations with other countries were still the exclusive responsibility of the Imperial Government in London as was, to a large extent, our defence.

Under the old constitution, and the new, electoral politics remained a rough affair.  Voters had to travel long distances, and at the polling locations they voted verbally.  There were often attempts made to intimidate voters.  Free liquor was offered in the taverns during election week.

Drinking was itself an issue much debated in those times.  Because of the difficulty of transporting grain, local breweries sprang up in many communities.  For innkeepers, the sale of liquor was the basis of their livelihood.  At harvesting, barn raisings—and other tasks where many pitched in---alcoholic drinks were generally expected to be provided.  As the years passed, the temperance movement gathered strength in response to this and the contention between the two sides was ongoing.

            The new system of responsible government also greatly reduced the privileged position of the Church of England, or Anglicans.  Under the previous regime, centred as it was around the British appointed Lieutenant-Governor, the Anglicans had been favoured.  The clergy reserves set aside in the land survey had been for their benefit.  Until 1831 the only Protestant denominations allowed to perform marriages were, most importantly, the Anglicans, and, in addition, Lutherans and Quakers.  Some smaller and newer sects, such as the Methodists, were starting, however, to gain followers.  The Methodists were distinguished by their use of the itinerant preacher, who rode on horseback, or, in winter, by sleigh, to visit believers. 

Another change that came as a result of responsible government was that more public money was invested in education.  In Markham’s early years, with the arrival of the Berczy settlers and the Pennsylvania Germans, Markham as a community had a distinctly German character.  Many of the schools in those communities used German as the language of instruction.  Later, in 1844, Dr. Egerton Ryerson was appointed to organize the school system in Canada West, the western half of the United Province of Canada.  Starting in 1849, municipal councils could levy taxes specifically for school purposes and Markham Township appointed Anglican Rev. George Hill as its first supervisor of schools.  The most common in those days was the one room elementary school, in which one teacher taught all the grades.  By 1870, all school expenses were paid through taxation and school attendance was compulsory for children aged 7 through 13.  They had to attend school at least 100 days every year.

            The Municipal Corporations Act of 1849 affected more than just the school system.  It went a long way toward bringing our system of local government closer to what we experience today.  In 1841 the old District town meeting had been abolished and replaced by an elected District Council but this proved to be only an interim stage.  The 1849 Act abolished the District system completely and established municipal governments to replace it.  The county became the unit of organization, and county and township councils were established.   In 1850 by-laws were passed by which the Township of Markham would be regulated and in 1851 David Reesor was elected Reeve.  Henry Miller became deputy Reeve and there were three Councillors. 

The road that was critical to the development of all the communities along its path was Yonge Street.  When Lieutenant-Governor Simcoe decided on Toronto as the navel arsenal of Lake Ontario, he looked for the most direct route north from Toronto to Georgian Bay and Lake Huron.  He decided that following the old Indian trail to Lake Simcoe, and then using the system of rivers and portages from there, was the best route.  Surveying of this road began in 1794 and the road was named Yonge Street by Gov. Simcoe after Sir George Yonge who was then the Imperial Secretary of War.  The cutting out of the road to Lake Simcoe was completed in 1796.  William Berczy helped with the work on the road, starting at Eglinton, by sending a crew of men from the Berczy settlement.  As the years passed, the road was used by settlers, fur traders, and also by detachments of soldiers making their way to the military base at Penetanguishene on Georgian Bay.  The road was surveyed into farm lots on both sides from Eglinton to Holland Landing, traversing several townships, including the Township of Markham.  Settlers along Yonge Street, as elsewhere, had to clear ten acres for cultivation and fence it, build a house 16 by 20 feet, and cut down all trees on the front of the lot.  As the use of the road increased, inns began to be established, and some small companies providing transit, by horse drawn coach, began to operate along Yonge Street. 

Toronto became the provincial capital of Ontario.  Railways had already made their first appearance in 1853 with the inauguration of the Ontario Simcoe and Huron Railway.  The development of railways in neighbouring townships posed a challenge to Markham’s own prosperity, so local business owners began to look for allies who could form a railway.  On September 14, 1871, the Toronto and Nipissing Railway Company, with stations in Unionville, Markham and Stouffville, officially opened its Scarborough-Uxbridge line.

At first the railway brought renewed prosperity and rapid development.  Increased communication with Toronto, however, brought about many changes.  In 1896 the Metropolitan Radial Railway was opened up.  This made travel from Toronto to the northern communities along the Yonge Street corridor much easier and the era of coaches and inns eventually came to a close.  An interesting footnote to the impact of the new Radial Railway was that some artists who later became members or supporters of the Group of Seven moved from downtown Toronto and came to live in Thornhill, or to visit it frequently.  One member of this group was J.E.H. MacDonald.  Added to the railway links were also improved connections through telegraph and telephone, all of which eventually diminished the industrial role of the villages in the Township of Markham after the turn of the century.

            Most of the communities within the Township of Markham looked to the Township Council for local services.  However some villages grew to a size that entitled them to seek incorporation, giving them more local authority.  In the old Ontario system of municipal government, there were police villages, villages, towns and cities.  When a population of at least 750 was found within an area of 500 acres, it could apply to be incorporated as a village, a status that gave it some measure of self-government.  A smaller population gathered in one centre could be organized as a police village having less local authority than a village.   When a village attained a population of 2,000 persons it could be incorporated as a town with larger powers.  Finally when a town reached a population of 15,000 it could be incorporated as a city with still more extensive powers. 

Markham Village, its growth further spurred by the opening of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway in 1871, was incorporated as a village in 1873.  By 1900 it had a population of 950 people and boasted an impressive new Town Hall.   Just to the north, the community of Mount Joy became a police village in 1907 but in 1915 was annexed to Markham Village.  Unionville was another of the stops of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway.  This contributed to the growth of the community and in 1907 Unionville attained the status of police village.

            The growth of centres of population did not always strictly follow the township boundary lines and three villages in particular grew up that straddled the lines between two townships.  In the northeast, Stouffville was located along the border between Markham and Whitchurch townships.   Like Unionville and Markham villages, it lay along the route of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway but being more distant from Toronto, it developed more independently and in 1873 was incorporated as a village.  Along Yonge Street two villages grew up whose developments were greatly linked with this important road.  Thornhill expanded, with its eastern part in Markham Township and western part in Vaughan.  It attained status as a police village in 1931.  This led to arrangements such as having its fire protection provided by the two townships but paid for by the village.   Further north, Richmond Hill also straddled Yonge Street, and thus also lay within both Markham and Vaughan townships.  It was incorporated as a village in 1872. 

The advent of the automobile, following the arrival of the railways, went further in making it difficult for local industries to compete with the larger factories in Toronto.  As a result, Markham Township, which had once been called the Birmingham of Canada, slowly returned to its old identity as a quietly productive agricultural community.

The war also had an impact on the life of Markham.  Still mainly agricultural, Markham was affected by the departure of many of her young people to fight in Europe.  The shortage of labour stimulated further the trend toward mechanization on the farm.  The development of farm machinery such as the grain combine meant that communal tasks, such as the threshing of grain, were no longer necessary.

After World War II (1939 – 1945), however, Markham began to feel the effects of urban expansion from Toronto.  Heavily industrialised by the war effort and experiencing a post-war baby boom, the population of the township grew.  Markham Township celebrated its centennial as a municipality in 1950 and rapid change was in store.  It  became the destination for waves of new immigrants from all over the world, but especially from people from the war ravaged countries of Europe.

In 1971, the modern Town of Markham was created, a single town now absorbing the former villages of Unionville and Markham and most of the territory of the old Township of Markham.  But the new town did not correspond exactly to the old Township rectangle.  Some of the western part was annexed to the new Town of Richmond Hill and the northern boundary was moved south to a line between 19^th Avenue and Stouffville Road, leaving the village of Stouffville entirely in the new Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville.  The Police Village of Thornhill was dissolved and this community was split along Yonge Street between the Town of Markham and the City of Vaughan.  The citizens of the new Town of Markham now elect a Mayor, and a Town Council made up of Councillors from the eight town wards and four Regional Councillors. 

            What are the duties of a “Regional Councillor”?.   The reorganization of 1971 also created the Regional Municipality of York, made up of the city of Vaughan, the towns of Markham, Richmond Hill, Whitchurch-Stouffville, Newmarket, Aurora, East Gwillimbury and Georgina, and the township of King.  This municipal federation provides services that are best provided across the entire region rather than by each town on its own.  These include a police force, a regional public transit system and a common school board.   Thus, Markham voters, in addition to the eight Town Councillors, also elect four Regional Councillors who, along with the Mayor, represent Markham on York Regional Council which has its seat in Newmarket.  Markham’s four Regional Councillors also sit on Markham’s own Town Council.

The opening of Highway 404 in the mid-1970s further accelerated the urban development of the town.   Markham has attracted many companies of the high technology sector and now styles itself the “High Tech Capital of Canada”. 

            The growth of the population along with the arrival of new industries has resulted in large acres of farmland being turned to subdivisions and industrial areas.  Markham now increasingly confronts the often conflicting needs of urbanization and preservation of natural spaces.

Since its very beginnings, Markham’s progress has been stimulated by immigration and the city has in recent years attracted a new, dynamic and multicultural population with roots in every continent.  Especially significant in the last quarter century has been immigration from Asia, with almost thirty per cent of Markham’s current population of 287,000 being of Chinese origin, and twenty percent from South Asia.

New and exciting pages in Markham’s history are being written today but amidst the rapid change and growth the old rural beginnings of Markham are still there to be seen and enjoyed by all. 

Footnotes

 *  In the early 18th century the Iroquois federation became the Six Nations when they were joined by the Tuscaroras.
 

Bibliography

"Markham, 1793-1900", Isabel Champion Editor, The Markham District Historical Museum, Second Edition, revised; researched and written by Isabel Champion, Mary B. Champion, Frank H. Johnson, John W. Lunau; 1989, printed by The Alger Press Limited

"Markham Remembered, A Photographic History of Old Markham Township", Mary B. Champion, Editor, The Markham District Historical Museum; 1988; printed by The Alger Press Limited

"A Historical Atlas of Canada", D.G.G. Kerr, editor; Thomas Nelson & Sons (Canada) Limited, Toronto, 1960